Leg swelling, or edema, is a common issue that can range from a mild annoyance to a sign of something more serious. While it often resolves on its own, persistent or severe swelling could point to an underlying health condition that needs attention.

What Causes Leg Swelling?

Dr. Michael Brown, a board-certified vascular surgeon at Vascular Surgical Associates – Southwest General Medical Group, Inc., explains that leg swelling occurs when fluid accumulates in the tissues of the legs. This can happen for various reasons, including lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and even genetics.

Here are some common causes of leg swelling:

• Lifestyle factors: Sitting or standing for long periods, such as in desk jobs, factory work, or nursing, can cause fluid to pool in the legs due to gravity. If movement is limited, the swelling can become more noticeable.
• Diet and weight: Carrying excess weight, particularly around the abdomen, can put pressure on the veins, leading to leg swelling. A diet high in salt can also contribute to fluid retention, worsening the issue.
• Medical conditions: Health issues like heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve problems from the back can cause swelling in the legs. Venous insufficiency—when the veins’ valves don’t function properly—can also result in fluid buildup.
• Genetics: A family history of varicose veins or other vascular issues can make you more susceptible to developing similar problems.

When Should You Be Concerned About Leg Swelling?

Not all cases of leg swelling require a doctor’s visit, but there are certain signs that should raise concern. Dr. Brown suggests seeing a healthcare provider if:

• The swelling goes above the ankle and happens daily.
• The swelling is sudden and painful.
• Only one leg is swollen, especially if the swelling is persistent.
• The swelling is severe or accompanied by redness or warmth, which could signal an infection or blood clot.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult your primary care physician, who may refer you to a specialist if necessary. Dr. Brown stresses that sudden swelling, especially if it’s paired with pain, requires immediate evaluation.

How Is Leg Swelling Diagnosed?

Diagnosing leg swelling typically begins with a physical examination and a review of your medical history. Doctors may use an ultrasound to assess the veins in your legs. This non-invasive test helps identify any issues with the vein valves, which ensure blood flows in the right direction.

Dr. Brown explains that the ultrasound evaluates the function of the vein valves. If these valves don’t close properly, it’s known as venous insufficiency. If one leg is swollen or additional issues are suspected, further testing may be needed. In some cases, an advanced ultrasound catheter is used to check for blockages or narrowing in the pelvic veins, which could be contributing to the swelling.

Treatment Options for Leg Swelling

Once the cause of the swelling is identified, treatment can be customized based on individual needs. Dr. Brown lists several potential treatment options:

• Lifestyle changes: Regular walking and cutting back on salt can help reduce swelling linked to sedentary habits.
• Compression therapy: Wearing compression stockings can improve blood circulation and reduce swelling.
• Medical procedures: For cases of venous insufficiency, treatments such as vein ablation (where the affected vein is closed off) or vein removal surgery may be recommended. If a blockage or narrowing is found in the pelvic veins, a stent may be inserted to improve blood flow.

Prevention Tips for Leg Swelling

While some causes of leg swelling are unavoidable, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

• Move regularly: If you work at a desk, get up, stretch, and walk around every hour.
• Maintain a healthy weight: Reducing excess weight can ease pressure on the veins and help prevent swelling.
• Stay hydrated and reduce salt intake: Drinking plenty of water and cutting back on salty foods can help regulate fluid balance in the body.
• Wear compression socks: These can enhance circulation and prevent fluid buildup, especially for those who stand or sit for long periods.

When to See a Specialist

If your leg swelling continues despite making lifestyle changes, or if it suddenly worsens, seeking medical attention is important. Persistent swelling in one leg, particularly the left leg, could indicate a vein condition. Dr. Brown explains that advances in ultrasound technology allow specialists to detect previously overlooked issues like iliac vein disease, a condition where the veins in the pelvis become narrowed or blocked. If diagnosed, a stent can be placed to restore proper blood flow and alleviate symptoms significantly.

If you’re dealing with ongoing leg swelling, don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider to explore the underlying cause and find the best treatment options for you.